Dynamic range is the range of sound intensity a mic can provide to the recording device. A small dynamic range means a limited range of amplitude levels relative to the noise floor. For an empty concert hall, the nosie floor is around 50 dB SPL. Noise floor is the point at which the softest sound can be registered as a useable signal. Any sound below the noise floor cannot be heard.
Frequency response measures how the mic translate SPL (Sound Pressure Level) into audio signal at different frequencies. An ideal frequency response is flat meaning the mic can capture sound with different frequencies into equal amplitude level. Some mic are designed to respond to certain frequencies based on their needs.
Omnidirectional mic responds to sound pressure from all angles. Condenser mic are typically omnidirectional. A directional mic responds to sound pressire from a particular angle. Cardoid is the most common response pattern. It is named as the pattern is heart shaped. Both dynamic and condenser mic exhibit this pattern. Hypercardoid is more directional. Another name is called mini-shotgun. It is used if it needs to keep a distance from the source. Supercardoid, or shotgun, is highly directional.
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