Musical notes are sound in repeat pattern. The form may not be smooth sinusoid and rugged. In fact, almost all musical instrument produce note in its unit repeating form (timbre). Noise on the other hand has a form that is not repeating.
When a string is pull and released, it produce the base frequency and multiple of it. For example, an A string on guitar produce a base frequency of 110 Hz, and multiples like 220 Hz, 330 Hz ... etc. If the string is pulled in the middle, the frequencies comprises 110/330/550/770... etc. There will be no even multiples. The reason is the mid point is at the highest position at only the odd multiples will fit. The even multiple will have the mid point in the lowest position. If the pull is at 1/3 position of the string, the frequency bundle will comprise the even multiples.
These multiples are call harmonics. No matter the composition for the A note, the combined wave form will repeat at the base frequency of 110 Hz. That is why all the A sounds alike.
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