Catalog is a VSAM dataset which contain information of other dataset in the system. There is one master catalog which is required for IPL. The MCAT is provided as a parameter in the IPL. MCAT contains info of all the SYS1 dataset and it point to other user catalogs.
There are multiple user catalogs. Catalogs points to VVDS (VSAM Volume). There is one VVDS per volume. VVDS contains dataset info for VSAM dataset and non-VSAM datasets under system management. VVDS is like the old VTOC. One VVDS can be pointed by more than 1 BCS (base catalog structure = catalog).
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